How is DNA testing done?
DNA testing is the most accurate method available for determining parentage. Collection of samples for testing is simple. Typically a mouth swab sample is collected from each individual being tested (e.g. the child, the mother and alleged father). DNA is then extracted from these samples and the DNA profiles from the child, mother and alleged father are compared.
DNA testing in animals uses the same forensic techniques used in humans for identification and paternity testing. Testing can be done for specific DNA changes that result in genetic disease or animal identification and paternity. Both types of test use the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to amplify a very small amount of DNA to a quantity that can be analysed. The starting material is usually either blood or mouth swabs, but a tiny amount of any tissue can be used. DNA is extracted and a one or two microlitres is used as a template for PCR. The reaction contains an enzyme to copy the DNA (Taq polymerase), the building blocks of DNA (nucleotides), buffers and oligonucleotide primers, which target the DNA to be amplified. Primers allow just a small piece (<1000 bases) of the 2,500,000,000 base genome to be amplified, which is the key a successful test. The PCR goes through about 30 rounds of exponential amplification. The DNA content of the PCR product then has to be checked. For identif
The DNA test kit consists of two cheek scrapers and two collection tubes—designed for a single persons use. Each tube contains a fluid designed to arrest bacteria growth, so you can scrape your cheek and return your kit in any type of weather (hot or cold). The sensation of using the scraper is like brushing your inside cheek with your toothbrush. Remember, a good scrape produces lots of DNA, which makes the extraction process easier and decreases the chance that one or more of your markers will fail to be readable on the first test of your sample. What can we learn from the Shirley DNA Testing? The purpose of doing a Shirley DNA testing project is to see which Shirley branches connect. We may find only a few branches are connected or match. In addition, by testing the 2 male descendants of the main line of Shirleys in England with the Shirley male line of the so called American branches of the Shirleys, we will be able to determine “IF” there is a connection to the established Shirl
http://www.scientific.org/tutorials/articles/riley/riley.html The explanation of DNA testing that follows is intended as an introduction to the subject for those who may have limited backgrounds in biological science. While basically accurate, this explanation involves liberal use of illustration and, in some cases, over-simplification. Although intended to be informative, this is brief and incomplete explanation of a complex subject. The author suggests consulting the scientific literature for more rigorous details and alternative views.
Angelina E. Miller (b.17 Sep 1814-Pennsylvania;d.11 Apr 1854-Spring Prairie,Walworth,Wisconsin) sp: Samuel Pratt (b.6 Oct 1807-Massachusettes;d.23 Mar 1877-Spring Prairie,Walworth,Wisconsin) Homer (Orris) Pratt (b.16 Sep 1837-Michigan;d.27 Jul 1906-Spring Prairie,Walworth,Wisconsin) sp: Mary L. Crane (b.22 Oct 1841;m.1864;d.16 Mar 1933-Spring Prairie,Walworth,Wisconsin) Mary Pratt (b.1843-Michigan) Emma Pratt (b.29 Nov 1845;d.4 Aug 1848) George Pratt (b.24 Apr 1847-Wisconsin;d.2 May 1853-Spring Prairie,Walworth,Wisconsin) William P. Pratt (b.16 Jun 1849;d.4 Dec 1849) Angelina Pratt (b.6 Apr 1854-Spring Prairie,Walworth,Wisconsin;d.1 Sep 1854-Spring Prairie,Walworth,Wisconsin) Lemuel Bissell Stoughton Miller (b.1818-Pennsylvania;d.1 Feb 1889-Salt Lake City,UT) sp: Sarah Evans (b.1824-Pennsylvania;d.9 Nov 1903-Washington DC) William E Miller (b.1845-Michigan;d.Bef 1904) sp: Elizabeth (Lizzie) (b.1854-Canada) Clarence W Miller (b.Nov 1873-Minnesota or Indiana) Mabel Miller (b.1876-Washing
