Why was the order “Hard astarboard” given, when it was intended for the ship to turn to port?
It’s best to quote from John Harland, from his book ‘Seamanship in the Age of Sail’: Orders to the helmsman were traditionally given in terms of “helm”, that is to say, the position of the tiller rather than the rudder. ‘Hard a-starboard!’ meant ‘Put the tiller (helm) to starboard, so that the ship may go to port!’. It will be realised that not only the bow turned to port, but also the rudder, top of the wheel, and prior to the advent of the steering-wheel, the upper end of the whipstaff. Cogent reasons existed, therefore, for giving the order in what one might call the ‘common sense’ fashion. The transition to ‘rudder’ orders was made in many European countries about a century ago…The change did not proceed smoothly everywhere, since old traditions died extremely hard in the merchant service, even in lands where the new convention was readily imposed in naval vessels…In the United Kingdom, the changeover did not occur until 1933, at which time the new regulations were applied to n
