Why do different types of networks use different types of protocol layers (also known as protocol stacks)?
The bit stream oriented protocol at the lowest level supports simple streams of bits flowing between two points. Since the only language understood at this level is “0” and “1”, the protocol recognizes only peers to which it is directly connected by the physical link across which the bits flow. It simply has no way of addressing anyone else, and that’s not its job anyway. Since higher levels can pass more complex messages, they can include routing information, making it possible for data to flow across more than one communication link, and making large networks possible. In a system with a layered architecture, programs at a high level deal with more complicated data but don’t have to deal with implementation details and routine tasks. For example, in a network the routing of messages is done by lower levels, so upper level programs need not be aware of it. The data flow only through the highest level that is concerned with handling them. So when a message flows through an intermediate
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