Who provides information to policy makers?
It varies by level of government. In federal and state government, professional staff might produce much of the needed information. The staff’s know how, or familiarity with the policy process and understanding of the political context, enables them to inform policy makers usefully. Staff members typically write briefing memos. As distinguished from extensive memos such as policy analysis memos, briefing memos are terse and targeted summaries of essentials. They might be composed to update an official on a current topic, for example. Because municipal governments often have small staffs (or no staff), local elected officials might do their own information gathering. They might utilize a range of information providers including experts (representing subject knowledge), advocacy and stakeholder groups (representing organized interests), legal counsels (representing rules and procedures), other officials and associations of elected officials (representing politics), and citizens (represen
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