When Did Iranians Adopt Shiism?
The Safavids, Cleveland argues, are the ones who introduced Shiism in Iran. They emerged originally as a Sunni Sufi order in Ardabil; however, Safavid leaders adopted Shiism later for no clear reasons. After seizing Tabriz in 1501, the Safavid leader Ismail declared himself shah and declared Twelver Shiism to be the official and compulsory religion of the state. Ismail brought Shiite scholars from different parts of the Muslim world, especially Lebanon, to teach people about Shiism and executed those who refused to adopt it. The embedment of Shiism under the Safavids resulted in varying degrees of animosity with its neighbors, especially the Sunni Ottoman Empire. The fall of the Safavid dynasty in 1722 begot a state of chaos and decentralization. The Safavids were succeeded by the Qajars, who managed to consolidate their control over large parts of Iranian territory by 1794, but they did not enjoy popular support, given their weakness and their economic dependence on concessions to Wes
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- When Did Iranians Adopt Shiism?
