What would the world landscape look like had the American Indians won the battles for their land (USA)?
I fear it would have made little difference at first. When settlers reached the middle of the American continent, they found it largely empty. Sure, the Plains Indians were there, but in relatively small numbers. Disease always raced ahead of the settlers, and many tribes were decimated before they were ever contacted by whites. Some, like the Mandan, disappeared completely. So if we speculate that the Spanish, French, Dutch and English were defeated and sent packing, and if we accept your condition that no other nations would have taken their place, we are left with a continent largely depopulated. For many years, what few people were left would have lived among an amazing abundance of wildlife. Eventually, those Indians with resistance to European diseases would have repopulated. Because of the near-constant wars among the various tribes, there would have been eager trading for European weapons and other technology. Eventually, the Indians would have formed regional and possibly larg
