What types of learning strategies are there?
Learning strategies have been categorized in various ways. One way is to divide them into cognitive and metacognitive strategies. Cognitive strategies are those strategies that can be applied to learning problems, such as paraphrasing, re-reading, estimating, outlining, or guessing from context. Metacognition (Flavell, 1976) refers to the knowledge and regulation of the act or process of knowing. This can include knowledge about oneself, knowledge about the cognitive demands of tasks, and knowledge about both cognitive and metacognitive learning strategies. Metacognitive learning strategies include recognizing when a strategy is needed, selecting strategies, memorizing or rehearsing strategies, and assessing the helpfulness of strategies. Borkowski, Estrada, Milstead, and Hale (1989) suggest that, for students with learning disabilities, two aspects of metacognition are key: executive processes (such as selection of appropriate strategies) and attributional beliefs (such as the belief
