What type of concrete has the best resistance to scaling and spalling?
The type of concrete best to resist these two effects is concrete where properly spaced air voids are present. Air- entrained concrete has an excellent resistance to surface scaling and mortar flaking due to freezing and thawing. • Why should people avoid using Calcium Chloride icemelters? Beside the fact that calcium chloride causes damage to concrete by inherently having a very short thaw/freeze cycle, it also causes discolouration of concrete. Calcium chloirde is hygroscopic, meaning that it attracts or absorbs moisture. It, therefore, has a limited shelf life and care must be exercised as to its storage. Calcium chloride leaves behind an oily residue, which is easily tracked into buildings, soiling and damaging carpets and floorings. It is also very harmful on the environment, by having a damaging effect on plants, the soil and the water supply. People must be very careful when using calcium chloride as it causes irritation and painful burning to the skin. • Why should people avoid
