What, then, are the pre-conditions for successful Asia Pacific cooperation?
The nature of Asia and the Pacific demands three preconditions for regional cooperation. By cooperation I mean here essentially productive consultation and communication on economic and other related policy priorities, not tightly institutionalised economic or political integration. Foremost is the need for a rules-based international economic system that attaches primacy to non-discrimination in policy stances. This was the gift of the Atlantic Charter (framed in the 1940s) that established the postwar international economic order — avoiding the disastrous discrimination against Japan and other countries which prevailed in the interwar years. The principle of non-discrimination remains essential to East Asian economic diplomacy — to the economic transformation of China, Indonesia and Indochina and beyond, in South Asia, to India. Its implementation has never been perfect but it remains the central guiding principle in a region in which all depends upon the opportunity and the freedo
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