What specific teaching strategies or techniques can be used to increase phonemic awareness and word analysis abilities?
Because there are only four, non-experimental results from studies relevant to the part of this question having to do with PA, no principles or trends related to PA teaching strategies can be drawn from the research. The four studies that do address phonemic awareness instruction suggest that it may be taught to adults using approaches that include direct instruction in phonemic awareness and instruction in phonemic awareness along with instruction in other aspects of reading. In three studies (Bertelson, Gelder, Tfouni & Morais, 1989; Gombert, 1994; Morais, Content, Bertelson, Cary, & Kolinsky, 1988), some simpler phonemic awareness tasks were quickly taught to adult non-readers and beginning readers using simple demonstration and corrective feedback. These adults were non-English speaking adults, but their native language was alphabetic, like English, and instruction took place in their native language. In another non-experimental study, extensive, direct instruction in the manipulat
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