What situations moderate Vicarious Retribution?
Situations which make ingroup/outgroup distinctions salient are more likely to lead to vicarious retribution. For example, a sporting event with fans of opposite teams creates a highly ingroup/outgroup salient situation while a group of people stuck in a traffic jam does not. Situations where the intial provocation attacks an object or symbol of the group (ie. a leader or prominent landmark) are more likely to create a sense of anger (Branscombe, Ellemers, Spears, and Doosje, 1999) leading to vicarious retrubution. Normative influences may exist in some situations which compel an expected standard of behavior (Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren, 1990; Deutsch and Gerard, 1955) such that retaliation against the outgroup is expected. Group power differences may lead to different amounts of vicarious retribution as some research by Mackie et al. (2000) indicates that groups with greater power in an intergroup conflict are likely to react with anger to the outgroup, whereas groups with less powe
