What non-drug approaches are helpful?
Many patients dislike taking pain medication. Acupuncture can be effective for various pain conditions but should be carried out by a trained and competent practitioner. Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS) works by a similar mechanism as acupuncture but isn’t quite as effective. Despite this, patients buy TENS devices themselves and use them as and when required. Physiotherapy and psychology can provide valuable input to pain management. Indeed their value is often grossly underrated. Physiotherapy not only reduces pain intensity but can prevent recurrence – especially if the pain is related to the spine or major joints. A combination of physiotherapy and psychology in the form of a pain management programme can change patients’ perspective and help them live with pain. 8. Which psychological models do pain clinics find helpful with chronic pain patients? Chronic pain can make some patients scared of harming themselves, because they feel their pain is a warning sign. A p
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