What kinds of on-board units are used for satellite based tolling?
As a result of the built-in modules and the scope of functions, OBUs for satellite-based toll collection are more expensive than OBUs with microwave-based toll collection. However, in most cases there is no need for a road infrastructure with collection beacons, and the toll road network can be flexibly and quickly expanded at any time. The microwave-based OBU merely responds to the signals received from the toll bridge and therefore relies on a road infrastructure which is the key cost driver in DSRC systems. There are different approaches for satellite-based toll collection on the basis of an on-board unit (OBU). In principle, two vehicle variants for satellite-based toll collection can be distinguished. Both variants may have slightly different characteristics, depending on the provider and the local requirements. The OBUs of all alternatives comprise subcomponents (modules for GPS, mobile communication, computer, memory, etc.), which are produced in large quantities and also for ot
