What is the energy efficiency of solid-state lighting today? How does the energy efficiency compare with incandescent and fluorescent lamps?
Light output is commonly measured in lumens a convolution of the radiated power and the sensitivity of the human eye. A 60-Watt incandescent bulb produces about 850 lumens. The efficiency of lighting (luminous efficacy) is the light output (lumens) produced per unit of input electrical power (Watts) or lumens/Watt. An incandescent lamp wastes most of its power as heat, with the result that its luminous efficacy is only around 15 lumens/Watt. A fluorescent lamp is much better at roughly 85 lumens/Watt. These lighting technologies are very mature and their luminous efficacies have not improved much in many years. Todays white LEDs, at around 30 lumens/Watt, have luminous efficacies that are already better than those of incandescent lamps. Moreover, it is believed possible to increase the luminous efficacies of LEDs to as high as 150-200 lumens/Watt (over 10X and 2X better than incandescent and fluorescent lamps, respectively!), with further improvements in the underlying materials and de
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