What is the difference between Thermo-Mechanical Pulping and Chemo-Thermo-Mechanical Pulping in the papermaking process?
Thermo-Mechanical Pulping (TMP) is a variation on the process that softens the wood chips with steam before they are ground, leaving more whole fibers intact. Its use is effectively limited to softwoods, whereas Chemo-Thermo-Mechanical Pulping (CTMP) extends the process to hardwoods by running sulfur-based chemicals through the wood before steaming. These techniques are ingenious and effective, except that chemicals removed from wood and organic sulfur compounds are often simply discharged by the mills directly into the ocean. Such emanation can be effectively treated and made safer through special processes, but it is only recently that paper manufacturers have begun to incorporate these processes into their routines. How do you make paper from toilet paper? 1) You need toilet paper, liquid starch, a bowl, a screen, a cookie sheet, a towel, and a heavy book. 2) Tear the toilet paper into the size of a stamp. Keep at it until you fill about three-fourths of the bowl. 3) Pour the liquid
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