What is the burden of proof to show that active efforts have been provided?
Section 1912(d) does not contain a burden of proof. Some courts will apply the burden of proof required in the underlying action. They will apply the clear and convincing burden required in a foster care placement under 1912(e) and the beyond a reasonable doubt burden required in a termination of parental rights under 1912(f). Other state courts, on the other hand, will apply a lesser burden based on state law. Courts Applying the Burden of the Underlying Proceeding Iowa: In re L.N.W., 457 N.W.2d 17 (Iowa Ct. App. 1990) (applying the 1912(f) “beyond a reasonable doubt” standard in TPR) Michigan: In re Morgan, 364 N.W.2d 754 (Mich. Ct. App. 1985); In re Kreft, 384 N.W.2d 843 (Mich. Ct. App. 1986) Minnesota: In re M.S.S., 465 N.W.2d 412 (Minn. Ct. App. 1991) Montana: In re G.S., 2002 MT 245, 312 Mont. 108, 59 P.3d 1063 Nebraska: In re Enrique P., 709 N.W.2d 676 (Neb. Ct. App. 2006) South Dakota: In re S.R., 323 N.W.2d 885 (S.D. 1982); In re P.B., 371 N.W.2d 366 (S.D. 1985) Wisconsin: In
