What is the basis of environmental policy in Canada and which agencies/bodies administer and enforce environmental law?
Canada is a parliamentary democracy with a federal government, ten provinces, and three territories. Territories differ from provinces in that territories have only those rights granted by the federal government and not inherent constitutional rights. A third level of government, municipalities have no independent jurisdiction – all of their powers are granted by provincial statute. In what is set out below, the term province will include territory unless otherwise noted. The Canadian constitution dates back to Confederation in 1867 and assigns specific heads of power to either the federal government or to the provincial governments. Environmental protection was never explicitly assigned and as a consequence all three levels of government today regulate in this area. Broadly speaking, the federal government has jurisdiction over federally owned land and undertakings, fisheries and oceans, shipping, aviation (including airports), railroads, manufacturing, import and export of toxic subs
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