What is Salt-Water Intrusion?
The diagram below illustrates the concept of salt-water intrusion into fresh-water aquifers. As fresh-water is pumped from a confined aquifer, an aquifer that is overlain by a confining layer, the pressure gradient forms a slight depression in the potentiometric surface (A). Increased pumping can cause an even greater cone of depression, and the gradient that formerly held salt-water at bay reverses, resulting in invasion of the aquifer (B). Coastal barriers can help to stem this invasion; these consist of sets of closely spaced injection wells that inject high-quality fresh water into the ground, creating a hydraulic pressure ridge (C). In the Los Angeles Basin, these barriers are not completely effective; salt water continues to leak through locally, affecting water quality. New studies indicate that the geology that controls flow paths is much more complex than recognized previously.
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