What is NAT?
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Network address translation (NAT) is the process where a network device, usually a firewall, assigns a public address to a computer (or group of computers) inside a private network. The main use of NAT is to limit the number of public IP addresses an organization or company must use, for both economy and security purposes. The most common form of network translation involves a large private network using addresses in a private range (10.0.0.0 to 10.255.255.255, 172.16.0.0 to 172.31.255.255, or 192.168.0 0 to 192.168.255.255). The private addressing scheme works well for computers that only have to access resources inside the network, like workstations needing access to file servers and printers. Routers inside the private network can route traffic between private addresses with no trouble. However, to access resources outside the network, like the Internet, these computers have to have a public address in order for responses to their requests to return to them. This is where NAT comes
NAT stands for Network Address Translation. To understand what this is, how it functions and why it is needed, we must first cover how the Internet handles communications between computers. WARNING: Some of the following discussion is simplified and glosses over some of the nit-picking details on how the Internet actually works. For the purpose of this FAQ, the level of detail used is adequate and any statements that are not 100% accurate are intended to avoid needing to go into extraneous detail. Every computer using the Internet needs an address of the form X.X.X.X (where each X is a number from 0 to 255). Due to the limited number of such addresses, there can be a need for Private Networks with large numbers of computers/devices to have addresses that do not conflict with the Internet Addresses. To fill this need there are certain addresses (10.X.X.X and 192.168.X.X) that have been designated for use on these Private Networks that are not part of the Internet. No computer on the Int