What is Dalmatian and yellow toadflaxs growth cycle?
The plants begin regrowth from the roots as soon as the soil warms in early spring. Toadflax flowers from late-June through August in North Dakota and single plants may produce over 500,000 seeds which are dispersed by wind, rain, wildlife, and movement of forage and livestock (Figure 4). The seed is disk-shaped 0.08 inch diameter, dark brown to black, and often have irregular papery wings. Seed dispersal begins a few weeks after flowering and continues into winter. The roots of a single plant can extend 10 feet and give rise to daughter plants every few inches. Figure 4. Toadflax seed are dark and disked shape with wings. (click on photo to link to 49KB image) Why is this plant a concern? The toadflax species are aggressive and will displace forage in pasture land and native species in wildland. Yellow toadflax can be mildly poisonous to livestock that graze it. Although the toadflaxes may be slow to establish, once plants take root, control is very difficult since most herbicides are
