What is a normal metabolic profile?
An important consideration in any metabolomic study aimed at identifying diagnostic or prognostic biomarkers is that there are many modifiers of metabolic phenotype, such as gender, age, genetics, hormonal cycle, life style, diseases and drugs. Aside from a clear understanding of the metabolic phenotype of cancer at different stages of the disease, there is also a need to define the ‘normal’ metabolic signature as a point of comparison. Specifically, what needs to be defined is the ‘normal range’ of inter- and intra-individual metabolite variance [14]. The range of what is considered normal, however, can be quite large. For example, work completed in our laboratory [15] has focused on measuring estrogen metabolites in urine samples obtained from a sub-population of women. This class of compounds is believed to have an important role in the genesis and progression of cancers of the reproductive system. Our results show that the levels of these metabolites typically vary 10- to 100-fold
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