What is a confounding variable, and why do confounding variables create problems in research studies?
An extraneous variable is a variable that MAY compete with the independent variable in explaining the outcome of a study. A confounding variable (also called a third variable) is a variable that DOES cause a problem because it is empirically related to both the independent and dependent variable. A confounding variable is a type of extraneous variable (its the type that we know is a problem, rather than the type that might potentially be a problem). 8.2. Identify and define the four different types of validity that are used to evaluate the inferences made from the results of quantitative studies. 1. Statistical conclusion validity. Definition: The degree to which one can infer that the independent variable (IV) and dependent variable (DV) are related and the strength of that relationship. 2. Internal validity. Definition: The degree to which one can infer that a causal relationship exists between two variables. 3. Construct validity. Definition: The extent to which a higher-order const
