What does the specification, VMax, mean?
Contrary to what many people might expect, this quantity is not the maximum voltage that the device can withstand before failing. Actually, VMax is the DC voltage which will deliver the maximum possible ΔT across the thermoelectric device at a given THot. At voltages below VMax, there is insufficient current to achieve the greatest ΔT; at voltages above VMax, the power dissipation within the Peltier device begins to elevate the hot side temperature and this diminishes ΔT. Note that VMax is temperature dependent—the higher the operating temperature, the higher the VMax rating for a specific device.
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