What does the functioning of the human brain mean to moral philosophy?
9.1. Absolute or relative validity of moral values A recurring theme of moral philosophy is the question, whether moral values are absolutely valid, or whether moral values are relative to circumstances, cultures, and individuals. As explained above, there is an absolute (commonly valid) basis in proto-ethical ethical behavior in caring for kin, in reciprocity, and in loyalty to the group. However, as also indicated, there are the following variables: • Individual variation in the strength of these genetic forces • Variations with age in these areas • Cultural learning, experience, personal thought, and habit. Thus, there are men and women who leave their offspring behind. There were parents in alien cultures who sacrificed their children. The degree of reciprocal integrity and group loyalty varies, not only among individuals, but also as habits among various cultures. Some religious and ethnic groups rank group loyalty higher than loyalty and fairness to society at large. Others subor
