What do the Background/Rotation/Transparency buttons do on the secondary dialogs?
Clicking the Color Ramp or Symbol Size buttons open some dialogs that should look familiar to you. These are, more or less, the same dialogs that appear if you use the univariate Graduated colors or Graduated symbols layer symbology methods. The Background button appears on the secondary symbology dialog only if you are symbolizing a polygon layer. This is the background fill symbol, but it is NOT used. When symbolizing using Quantity by Category for a polygon layer, polygons are drawn with the fill symbol from the primary symbology. Graduated symbols are drawn on top of these polygons, and these symbols come directly from the secondary symbology. The background symbol does nothing. The same goes for the Rotation and Transparency buttons that may appear on the secondary dialog. These do nothing. Remember that any symbol property that you set on the secondary dialog, other than color or size, will be ignored.