What are the roles of annual, seasonal, and diurnal temperature variation in regulating stream and substrate water temperature?
Stream and substrate temperatures correlate well with annual scale variations in air temperature (Fig. 4). Ultimately, air temperature, which explains much of the variation in stream and substrate temperatures, is regulated by the complex interactions of short- and long-term meteorological conditions and seasonal characteristics. Annual temperature trends are a function of meteorological parameters such as solar radiation, sun angle, day length, humidity, evapotranspiration, and dominant air masses, all of which vary regularly with the seasons. For example, during the summer months, solar radiation is more effective at heating the air and stream water. These effects combine with warmer seasonal temperatures to increase water temperature and diurnal range, particularly during baseflow conditions.
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