What are the polio vaccines that have followed the first Salk vaccine?
In 1961, a live attenuated (e.g., weakened) vaccine was developed by Dr. Albert Sabin. This vaccine was given as an oral preparation instead of as a shot. By 1963, this oral vaccine had been improved to include protection against three strains of polio and was licensed as trivalent oral poliovirus vaccine (OPV). OPV was the vaccine of choice for the United States and most other countries of the world from 1963 until changes in U.S. policy in the 1990s. In 1988, an enhanced-potency IPV formulation became available and by 1997 had become part of the routine schedule for infants and children, given in a sequential combination with OPV. In 2000, an all-IPV vaccine schedule was adopted in the United States. IPV is also available in combination with other vaccines (e.g., DTaP-HepB-IPV). How is the vaccine administered? • IPV is given as a shot in the arm or leg • OPV is given as an oral liquid. OPV is no longer used in the United States, but, is still given in other parts of the worls where
