What are the clinical signs of tying-up?
Clinical signs vary depending on the severity of the episode. In mild cases, affected horses may be slightly stiff after exercises. At the other end of the spectrum, pain may be so intense that affected horses may be unable to stand and bear weight. Exercise may elicit a short, stiff stride. Following rest, horses may be reluctant to move and may adopt an unusual stance; males often posture as if to urinate. Horses may also sweat liberally and more than the degree of exertion would dictate. Elevated heart and respiratory rates may also be experienced by horses affected with tying-up. In severe cases, horses may pass a dark, red-brown colored urine (myoglobinuria).
