What are some examples of confounding variables?
Confounding variables change when the independent variable changes. For instance, when I’m stressed, I get muscle cramps. However, when I’m stressed, I also drink lots of coffee and lose sleep. So it’s hard to tell whether my cramps are actually caused by coffee, lack of sleep, stress, or some combination of the above. Dogs barking would be considered an extraneous variable, because dogs bark no matter what you do to the independent variable.
