What are my chances of getting admitted to the math PhD program?
I’m not current on grad school admissions, but your GPA, publications, and grad level coursework all sound like solid credentials. NSF fellowship app is a great idea: I’m way out of date, but they used to target people like yourself from not-so-famous schools. But I’m a bit concerned about your target schools: they are of course top notch, but you should try a few with really large math departments. They have two advantages: you don’t have to worry about finding an advisor in your area of interest (even if you’re not yet certain what that is), and you’ll have a better chance of getting in. I’m thinking of UC Berkeley and Chicago, but there are others. And be sure to spread out geographically: some people find that schools in the northeast have a lot of one-upmanship and other unecessarily stressful behavior going on.