What advantages (if any) do SPMDs offer over grab sampling?
Grab samples provide data only on a single point in time and, because small volumes are typically sampled (< 5 L), the approach is often inadequate for detecting trace bioconcentratable residues. For compounds with relatively large Kow values, SPMDs integratively sample residues, i.e., losses of accumulated chemicals are insignificant during an exposure period. Integrative SPMD sampling mimics the initial part of the bioconcentration process and generally permits the concentration of trace chemicals to levels sufficient for bioindicator tests. The amount of water extracted by a standard 1 mL triolein SPMD may approach 100 L for a thirty-day exposure to compounds with moderate to high Kows. Also, episodic events can be detected without an intensive sampling program and, in some cases, estimates of total daily solute loads in flowing waters can be made from SPMD concentrations.
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