To whom do universities license and what role does the start-up company play in technology transfer?
Universities license technology to a broad spectrum of organizations and individuals, ranging from the large for-profit corporation to a small non-profit research institute. For example, a license may be given to a multi-national pharmaceutical company for a new application of a known drug because that company may hold the patent on the compound. A non-exclusive license may be granted to a number of computer hardware and software firms to incrementally improve product lines. A royalty-free license may be granted to another non-profit research institute to enable a researcher to practice the invention for research purposes. Included in these examples must also be a license to a early stage firm whose founding purpose was to commercialize the technology. While these kinds of licenses are probably the riskiest in terms of eventual commercialization and subsequent payoff, those licensee companies are sometimes the most effective at transferring the technology for the public good. Universit
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