The three official language versions of the Declaration of Helsinki: what’s lost in translation?
Background: The Declaration of Helsinki, the World Medical Association’s (WMA’s) statement of ethical guidelines regarding medical research, is published in the three official languages of the WMA: English, French and Spanish. Methods: A detailed comparison of the three official language versions was carried out to determine ways in which they differed and ways in which the wording of the three versions might illuminate the interpretation of the document. Results: There were many minor linguistic differences between the three versions. However, in paragraphs 1, 6, 29, 30 and in the note of clarification to paragraph 29, there were differences that could be considered potentially significant in their ethical relevance. Interpretation: Given the global status of the Declaration of Helsinki and the fact that it is translated from its official versions into many other languages for application to the ethical conduct of research, the differences identified are of concern. It would be best i
