Prayers in zones of extreme climate. How should people in the extreme northern and southern areas offer their prayers when they have days of continuous daylight and days of continuous darkness?
In dealing with this problem, we have to resort to calculation. Of course, the idea of calculation does not apply merely to areas north of the Arctic Circle where the midnight sun lasts for periods, which increase as we go further north. It applies also to areas, which go southwards form, the Arctic Circle to latitude 49, which goes through the northern outskirts of Paris. In these areas the twilight lasts all night and we do not have the mark which signals the time for Isha (night) prayers or the one, which signals its end and the beginning of Fajr (dawn) prayers. The summer period in which this problem exists, extends longer and longer the further south we travel. There is a problem here for marking the time of prayer and starting the fasting day in Ramadan. I will explain the method of calculation here because it makes matters easier when we discuss the situation in areas north of the Arctic Circle. Between sunset and sunrise Muslims offer three of the five daily obligatory prayers.
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