OK, perhaps there was upheaval, but wasn Moorish Spain a center of scientific innovation?
• …the scientific and philosophical scholarship of the Greeks and Persians had been lost to the West but was introduced to European intellectual life via the Islamic world in Spain. The work of Newton would have been inconceivable without Muslim mathematics and navigational instruments such as the astrolabe made possible the great voyages of discovery by European explorers. – from “Moorish Spain”, R.
