Ok, Explain the zero-sum loop?
After the first three generations of computing, a lot of staple applications (those having thousands or later millions of users) already had gone through this painful process. So IT was able to eliminate the top box, and use the old programs as perfect specifications. So this became the recycling agenda. No prototyping was required, because the original design had gone through all that. As the computer companies wanted to sell more computers, they were able to change the computer designs very quickly and then recycle the old applications by merely porting the old applications to the new machines, or in later years, merely changing the user interfaces. So IT focused on changing the graphical user interfaces (GUIs) of the old programs to make them look new. As fewer and fewer applications really were new, the industry reached a state like the fashion industry, where it was just turning over old demand without substantively changing the art. It became a zero-sum game of replacing somethin
