Is there any law/data that discounts the possibility that time and space existed within the primordial atom?
Answer I understand what you mean, but you are assuming that the Universe existed as a specific point-mass (your “primordial atom”), at or before the so-called Big Bang. Current theories of the Big Bang assume that it originated from nothing at all (this is sometimes referred to as “the ultimate free lunch”), so at time zero, not only was there no space, but also no mass, energy, or anything else. In an instant too small to imagine, which is about a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a millionth of a second, a quantum fluctuation occurred which created a nearly infinite amount of energy, in a form which we cannot imagine or study with current technology. In that instant, the size of the space associated with this fluctuation increased from zero to an infinitely larger size. This is referred to as the Inflationary stage of the Big Bang. Predictions can be made of the current and past appearance of the Universe based on this theory, an
