In order to work as an antioxidant, what level of vitamin E should I use in extruded feed?
In the feed industry, Vitamin E has historically refered to d,l alpha-tocopheryl acetate, which is added to the feed as a nutrient and acts as a biological antioxidant in vivo. Mixed tocopherols (typically a blend of alpha, gamma, delta and beta tocopherols) are sometimes added to feeds as physical antioxidants, which delay oxidation of fat and other nutrients in the feed. While mixed tocopherols do have some vitamin E activity (biological) it is much lower than that of tocopheryl acetate. If the goal is to add mixed tocopherols as physical antioxidants then the addition rate should be 500 to 1000 ppm. If vitamin E is being added as a nutrient, then fortification levels will be species and production phase dependent. (See the Vitamin E story index for specifics.
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