If there is no wholesale billing when MMS messages are sent from one carrier network to another, how does each carrier collect revenue?
Whether originating or receiving an MMS message, the user is always served by their home MMSC. Therefore, when a message is sent from one carrier network to another in a non-roaming scenario, this implies that the originator is a customer of the originating network and the recipient is a customer of the destination network. The originating carrier may retail bill their customer for originating the MMS message and the destination carrier may retail bill their customer for delivery of the MMS message. However, no wholesale billing occurs between the originating and destination carriers.
