If bottom layer of Gondwana was ice for example, does it mean that at one stage in time the whole continent was made of ice, and if so how did the animals living there live?
During the Carboniferous and Permian, much of Gondwana was covered by ice. During those times we have little evidence of animals actually living there. Once the ice melted, in the Late Permian (240 million years ago) and the Triassic, animals were able to colonise most of Gondwana again. Gondwana stayed warm until about 40 million years ago, when the part of it now known as Antarctica froze over again.
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