How to Control Already-Activated Caspases?
The presence of activated caspases in a cell is not equivalent to the activation of the apoptotic process. Secretion of cytokines, or regulatory and effector functions of caspases during erythropoesis infers the presence of active caspases in cells under physiological conditions (for a review see refs. 4 and 11). It is the quantity and cellular localization of caspases that determines whether the cell will die. IAPs (inhibitor of apoptosis proteins) are a family of proteins that contain BIR (baculoviral repeat) domains and in some cases, a zinc RING-finger domain.47 The family members, X-linked IAP (XIAP), Livin/ML-IAP, cIAP-1 and cIAP-2, are believed to inhibit apoptosis through direct inhibition of caspases, although some of these proteins are also involved in additional signaling pathways.48,49 XIAP, the most potent of these caspase inhibitors, selectively inhibits one of the active forms of caspase-9 (p35/p12 heterotetramer) through an interaction involving its BIR3 domain and the
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