How the Nervous System could interact with the Endocrine System to maintain homeostasis?
system, and pathways coupled to transduction of an interoceptive stress response. Interruption of GLP-1R signaling in the rodent brain attenuates the development of a conditioned taste response and fos-activation following exposure to noxious agents such as lithium chloride. Although peripheral administration of GLP-1 to human subjects is associated with inhibition of gastric emptying, feelings of satiety, and reduction of food intake, chronic treatment of diabetic subjects with GLP-1R agonists prevents weight gain, but is not associated with major weight loss over 8-12 week treatment periods. Although ICV injection of GLP-2 also inhibits food intake, GLP-2 is much less anorexic compared to GLP-1. Both GLP-1 and GLP-2 exert direct cytoprotective and regenerative actions, suggesting that activation of glucagon-like peptide receptor signaling may attenuate cellular injury in the CNS. As peripheral administration of GLP-1R agonists activate CNS GLP-1R systems, the biology of glucagon-like
