How is social inequality linked to the transformation of societies?
Social equality was greatest in hunting and gathering societies, but over time social inequality grew. The root of the transition to social inequality was the accumulation of a food surplus, made possible through the domestication revolution. This surplus stimulated the division of labor, trade, accumulation of material goods, the subordination of females by males, the emergence of leaders, and the development of the state. Pp. 157 164. Groups Within Society How do sociologists classify groups? Sociologists divide groups into primary groups, secondary groups, in-groups, out-groups, reference groups, and networks. The cooperative, intimate, long-term, face-to-face relationships provided by primary groups are fundamental to our sense of self. Secondary groups are larger, relatively temporary, more anonymous, more formal, and more impersonal than primary groups. In-groups provide members with a strong sense of identity and belonging. Out-groups also foster identity by showing in-group mem
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