How Food-Secure are City Populations?
Available findings are collapsing the myth of urban privilege over rural neglect. Per-capita energy consumption is generally higher in rural thanin urban areas, regardless of income or expenditures. However, poor urban manual workers may have higher energy needs than the average urban resident. Calorie costs are higher in metropolitan than in smaller centres, and, in poor regions, intraurban differences can be greater than rural-urban differences (von Braun et al. 1993, p. 14). Micronutrient deficiencies can be much more prevalent among lower-income than among higher-income families, as in Manaus, Brazil (Amorozo and Shrimpton 1984, cited by von Braun et al. 1993, p. 18). In some countries, as much malnutrition prevails in large cities as in rural areas; malnutrition is often likely to be higher in urban slums than in a typical rural area. Although some doubted that there were marked rural-urban differences in malnutrition levels in Africa during the 1970s, the experience of the 1980s
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