How Do Vacuoles Change During Stomatal Opening and Closing?
One way to track dynamic changes in guard cell vacuoles during stomatal movements is to use cell imaging techniques, such as confocal microscopy and TEM. In 2005, Gao et al. did just this when they studied leaf epidermis from the plant Vicia faba using microscopy coupled with fluorescent dyes. First, they removed strips of epidermal cells from leaves, then they stained guard cells with various fluorescent dyes. They used two dyes that specifically attach to vacuoles due to their acidic pH. These dyes cause the vacuoles to glow fluorescent green or red. They also used a green dye that remains in the cytoplasm and does not enter vacuoles. This dye gives an inverse image to the vacuole-specific dyes (Figure 3). With the use of these compartment-specific dyes, they were able to observe the size, shape, and number of vacuoles at various time points during stomatal movements. In their experiment, Gao et al. asked, what happens to the vacuoles and the cytoplasm during stomatal opening and clo
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