How do I determine high, middle, and low scores on the scales? Are there published norms?
Means and standard deviations for the measures have been provided in their representative articles (see correct citations response) and may serve as a guide to determine percentile ranks for given scores. An important caution; however, is that these are not considered to be published norms. In general, one should be extremely wary of using canned norms because it is not obvious that one could actually find a population to be a representative subset of ones present sample. An alternative is to use local norms, self-developed. For example, in feedback to a class, relate the score of each individual to the means and standard deviations derived from the class itself. To maximize informative-ness, provide the frequency distribution for each scale, based on these local norms, and individuals can then find (and circle) individual scores based on this distributions. Our general recommendation is the use of continuous scale scores (rather than categories) in your analyses. If you do need to use
