How do geologists measure the mass of a rock or mineral?
Mass is the amount of matter in an object. That can be determined by knowing the exact chemistry of an object, combined with Avogadro’s number. The weight of an object is mass times gravity, so that means you could also determine mass if you knew the weight and force of gravity. You refer to water, perhaps you mean how to determine the density of a rock. That is accomplished by determining the volume of a rock by measuring water displacement, and then using the formula density=mass/volume. The most common units for density are g/cc. Specific gravity is the mass in comparison to water, and is unitless.
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