How can we possibly know anything about what happened in the universe billions of years ago?
Basically the same way archaeologists learn about the early Earth – by fossil relics. As discussed in the main chapters there are several relics we rely on. Prominent among these are the light appearing as the cosmic microwave background and the atomic nuclei we detect on Earth, in stars, and between stars. These are concrete evidence of the conditions in the early universe. As well we depend on understanding of astrophysics theory to tell us given the conditions we observe today (and in the past for remember looking at distant galaxies is looking at them as they were long ago) how they must have been early on to have evolved to the present state.
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