How can one identify the particular instar stages of a metamorphosing painted lady butterfly?
Dr. Boris Kondratieff, CSU, explains that the instar of any particular caterpillar can be determined if variable conditions of food and temperature during growth are known. Larval Lepidoptera have 3-9 molts (instars) between the egg stage and the pupa. Generally, the width of the head capsule increases in a regular linear progression in successive instars by a ratio that is constant for a given species. Thus, the relative instar can be determined. What information can you give us about the redshift in stars? In Discovering the Universe, W. J. Kaufmann, III, discusses Christian Doppler, who noted in 1842 that the spectral lines in the spectrum of an approaching source are shifted toward the shorter-wavelength (blue) end; conversely the lines in the spectrum of a receding source are shifted toward the longer-wavelength (red) end, producing a redshift. The effect is called the Doppler effect, important in spectroscopic measurements of stars in double star systems; this provides crucial da
