How can instructors grade on attitude, attendance, or participation?
In all cases, instructors should specify in advance if they will be considering these factors in the final grade. It is essential to make it clear which behaviors are being targeted and what the expectations of the instructor are. Attendance is not difficult to measure, though it may be hard to document in large classes. Some instructors of such classes send around attendance sheets, while others assign very short response papers. Instructors should define “excused” versus “unexcused” absences and the maximum number of absences allowed. Instructors who choose to grade on attitude or effort will be pressed to justify decisions, so it might help to have specific criteria or tasks that will be related to the grade. Having activities that produce the “artifacts” of participation such as quizzes or in-class assignments based on required readings may be used to motivate and document student preparation and attendance. To grade oral participation, some instructors keep a running record of con
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